雅思考试总结的,很基本的一些考试点
一、代词
代词中主要讲解六个问题
(一) 掌握代词的几种格
主格、宾格、所有格
名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books)
(二) 反身代词
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。
he killed himself. (他自杀了)
he killed him. (他杀了他)
例:researchers at the university of colorado are investigating
a b
a series of indicators that could help
c
themselves to predict earthquakes.
d
分析:d错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意c并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。
indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物
(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。
例:the continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the north american rockies
that divides the waters flowing into the atlantic ocean from it flowing into the
a b c d
pacific.
分析:d错,应改为those。d指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。
water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。
work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如:
many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品
例:in 1920 the presidential candidate warren harding coined
a
the word “normalcy” to express social and
b
economic conditions they promised the nation.
c d
分析:d错,应改为he。动作promised是由warren harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。
例:many critics believe that amy lwell' s most important
a
work is not poetry, but his biography, john
b c
keats, published the year of her death.
d
分析:c错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指amy lowell.
(四) who和which的区别
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物
例:the human body contains more than six hundred muscles who
a b
account for approximately forty percent of the body weight.
c d
分析:b错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明
(五) that和which的区别
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外
例:when television was first introduced, the extent to that it
a b
would affect society could not have been foreseen.
c d
分析:b错,应改为which。the extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见
(六) 定语从句的特殊省略
reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why,
time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when
i do remember the time i heard the sweetest voice in the wild world.
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which
例:research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly
a b
reason people take medicine is to relieve pain.
c d
分析:b错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能修饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略
例:commercial expansion from city to suburb has
affected the way people in the united states----.
(a) living and working
(b) they live and work
(c) live and work
(d) to live and to work
分析:选择c, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。二、介词
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。
(一) 介词搭配
例:the teeth in the upper jaw function together those
a b c
in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food.
d
分析:和…一起,应该为together with,c错
例:the allegheny mountain range is rich of coal.
a b c d
分析:b错改为be rich in
例:the rotation of the earth on its axis is responsible to the
a b c
alternation of periods of light and darkness.
d
分析:c错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。
(二) 最重要的两个介词
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏
例:mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water.
a b c d
分析:d错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。
例:christopher plummer is a canadian actor who has
a b
starred in stage, television, and film productions on
c
both sides the atlantic ocean.
d
分析:d错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the atlantic ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。
2、介词by
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing
例:the ceremony of marriage in the united states
a b
can be performed from a justice of the peace. 治安法官
c d
分析:d错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。
例:along the east coast ,american indian women's councils
a
could veto a declaration of war at refusing to
b c d
supply moccasins and field rations.
分析:d错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。
例:algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with
a
operations on sets of numbers or other elements
b c
that are often represented at symbols.
d
分析:d错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。
三、谓语动词
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致
①、主谓分割原则
例1:to the citizens of the united states, the bald eagle,
a
america's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom.
b c d
分析:c错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。
②、与后者一致原则
not…but, 强调but后面的名词,
not only…but also
③、与前者一致原则
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is,
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致
例:the athlete, together with his coach and
a b c
several relatives, are traveling to the olympic games.
d
分析:d错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is
④、就近原则
or, either…or, neither…nor,
单数名词+or+复数名词+are
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数
如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数
例:the structure or behavior of many protozoans are
a b
amazingly complex for single-celled animals.
c d
分析:a错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。
⑤定语从句主语就近原则
there are five apples that are red.
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。
例:a rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets
a
carry a supply that last just a few seconds.
b c d
分析:d错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。
⑥the +形容词主谓一致
the rich are not always happier than the poor.
the rich 表示一类人,应该用复数
⑦、倒装句的主谓一致
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况:
a. there be 句型
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致
例:there are no known society in which left-handed people predominate.
a b c d
分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,a错,there are 改为there is
例:between the foothills of the andes and the pacific
a b
ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30
c
miles in width.
d
分析:倒装句,are改为is
例:among the favorite attractions at the national air and
a b c
space museum in washington d.c. are the film
d
presented on the five-story-tall screen.
分析:d错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。
⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致
fifty percent of + 名词
one percent of + 名词
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如:
one percent of my students + are
fifty percent of my time is spent on working.
这里要强调两个结构
half of =fifty percent
most of + 可数名词 + are
most of + 不可数名词+ is
例:nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been
a b c
found in central and eastern canada.
d
分析:c错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。
例:approximately fifty perc
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