1994至2004考研英语真题英译汉(完全版)

passage 1　　
　　according to the new school of scientists, technology is an overlooked force in expanding the horizons of scientific knowledge. 71) science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.72) "in short", a leader of the new school contends, "the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions." 73) over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philoso­phers of science. the modern school that hails technology argues that such masters as galileo, newton, maxwell, einstein, and inventors such as edison attached great importance to, and derived great benefit from, craft information and technological devices of different kinds that were usable in scientific experiments. the centerpiece of the argument of a technology-yes, genius-no advocate was an analysis of galileo's role at the start of the scientific revolution. the wisdom of the day was derived from ptolemy, an astronomer of the second century, whose elaborate system of the sky put earth at the center of all heavenly motions. 74) galileo's greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the earth. but the real hero of the story, according to the new school of scientists, was the long evolution in the improvement of machinery for making eyeglasses.
　　federal policy is necessarily involved in the technology vs. genius dispute. 75) whether the government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.
passage 2   
　　the standardized educational or psychological tests that are widely used to aid in selecting, classifying, assigning, or promoting students, employees, and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines, the daily press, and even in congress. 71) the target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users. the tests themselves are merely tools, with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified conditions. whether the results will be valuable, meaningless, or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user.   
　　all informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance: school grades research productive, sales records, or whatever is appropriate. 72) how well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error.   
　　standardized tests should be considered in this context. they provide a quick, objective method of getting some kids of information about what a person learned, the skills he has developed, or the kinds of person he is. the information so obtained has, qualitatively, the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information. 73) whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.